{"id":20199,"date":"2016-07-27T15:03:45","date_gmt":"2016-07-27T15:03:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/micofora.com\/ca\/cultivo-de-tuber-aestivum\/"},"modified":"2016-11-22T08:54:28","modified_gmt":"2016-11-22T08:54:28","slug":"cultiu-de-tuber-aestivum","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/micofora.com\/ca\/cultiu-de-tuber-aestivum\/","title":{"rendered":"Cultiu de Tuber aestivum"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\"TUBER<\/span><\/div>
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Tuber aestivum<\/em>\/uncinatum<\/em> fructifica en pr\u00e0cticament tots els pa\u00efsos d’Europa, no obstant aix\u00f2, existeixen dues varietats d’aquesta t\u00f2fona, la t\u00f2fona d’estiu (Tuber aestivum<\/em> var. aestivum<\/em>), que trobem principalment en climes mediterranis, sobretot a Espanya, sud de Fran\u00e7a i It\u00e0lia i la t\u00f2fona de Borgonya (denominada Tuber uncinatum<\/em> o T. aestivum<\/em> var. uncinatum<\/em>) de climes m\u00e9s freds centreeuropeus.\u2028\u2028Sense entrar en pol\u00e8mica sobre la seva classificaci\u00f3, ambdues esp\u00e8cies estan \u00edntimament emparentades, presentant difer\u00e8ncies a nivell d’h\u00e0bitat (zones m\u00e9s fresques i org\u00e0niques per a T<\/em>. uncinatum<\/em>), a nivell morfol\u00f2gic (color de la gleba m\u00e9s fosca i xarxa d’ornamentaci\u00f3 de les espores m\u00e9s desenvolupada en T. uncinatum<\/em>) i a nivell organol\u00e8ptic (amb gust i aroma m\u00e9s pronunciats i agradables en T. uncinatum<\/em>) que, aix\u00ed mateix, es reflecteix en el preu de mercat, diferent per les 2 varietats, uns 50-70\u20ac\/kg al recol\u00b7lector per a T. aestivum i fins a 200\u20ac\/kg per a T. uncinatum<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div>

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Es creu que el miceli de T. uncinatum<\/em> produeix diferents fructificacions successives al llarg de l’any, una primera a l’abril-maig que donaria t\u00f2fones \u201ctipus aestivum\u201d, de menor qualitat a la fi d’estiu, i una altra m\u00e9s tardana que es tradueix en la gran producci\u00f3 de t\u00f2fones d’octubre i novembre (encara que es poden trobar fins a febrer), m\u00e9s perfumades i de major qualitat, \u201ctipus uncinatum<\/em>\u201d.\u2028\u2028\u00c9s factible que la teoria basada en l’exist\u00e8ncia de successius per\u00edodes de fructificaci\u00f3 al llarg de l’any s’adapti al cicle biol\u00f2gic de la t\u00f2fona d’estiu, on l’inici de les primeres fructificacions es donaria a mitjan febrer i correspondrien a les t\u00f2fones recol\u00b7lectades al maig, seguida d’una etapa de fructificaci\u00f3 principal a l’inici de la primavera que es traduiria en la campanya de recol\u00b7lecci\u00f3 t\u00edpicament establerta entre juny i juliol.<\/p>\n<\/div>

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De totes maneres la t\u00f2fona d’estiu fructifica ocasionalment a la tardor i tamb\u00e9 apareix barrejada amb els lots de t\u00f2fona negra, \u00e9s a dir entre novembre i mar\u00e7, en diferents estadis de maduraci\u00f3. En aquestes dates hem trobat des de petites t\u00f2fones d’estiu a l’inici del seu desenvolupament, passant per t\u00f2fones \u201ctipus aestivum<\/em>\u201d amb la gleba blanca caracter\u00edstica, fins a les \u201ctipus uncinatum<\/em>\u201d, amb la gleba m\u00e9s fosca.
\nSobre tipus de s\u00f2l, la t\u00f2fona d’estiu i de borgonya prefereixen s\u00f2ls m\u00e9s org\u00e0nics (especialment uncinatum<\/em>) i m\u00e9s llimosos, tot i que en general comparteixen la textura de la t\u00f2fona negra.<\/p>\n<\/div>

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A tot aix\u00f2 hem d’afegir-li la variaci\u00f3 provocada per l’orientaci\u00f3, l’altitud i la latitud. A m\u00e9s altitud i m\u00e9s al nord (condicions m\u00e9s fredes i humides), la maduraci\u00f3 es retarda.\u2028\u2028Si l’anteriorment exposat fos cert, el cicle de fructificaci\u00f3 i maduraci\u00f3 de la t\u00f2fona d’estiu \u00e9s molt m\u00e9s curt que la d’hivern, al voltant d’uns 5 mesos, i potser menys estricte quant a condicions meteorol\u00f2giques. Els tofonaires saben b\u00e9 que si segueix plovent al juliol i agost, major nombre de t\u00f2fones d’estiu arriba a madurar i la campanya s’allarga. \u00c9s possible que algunes fructificacions que no puguin desenvolupar-se i madurar per unes condicions meteorol\u00f2giques adverses, entrin en un estat de lat\u00e8ncia fins a noves condicions favorables, la qual cosa podria explicar l’arbitrarietat d’algunes recol\u00b7leccions.<\/p>\n<\/div>

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De cara al seu cultiu la t\u00f2fona d\u00b4estiu es planta associada a alzina, roure i pi pinassa\u00a0a densitats baixes (200-300 peus\/ha), mentre que la de\u00a0Borgonya es planta amb\u00a0roures, avellaners i pins (nigra<\/em> i sylvestris<\/em>), faig,\u00a0til\u00b7lers i cedres, i a alta densitat,\u00a0600-1000 peus\/ha (per exemple amb marc de plantaci\u00f3\u00a0de 4×3, 5×3 o 5×2 metres).
\nDegut a que la t\u00f2fona d\u00b4estiu \u00e9s menys exigent en quant a condicions meteorol\u00f2giques i en general, ecol\u00f2giques, el que es reflexa en la seva amplitud geogr\u00e0fica,\u00a0\u00a0aix\u00ed com la major diversitat gen\u00e8tica, el seu conreu podria tenir m\u00e9s \u00e8xit que no pas la negra.<\/p>\n<\/div>

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Comparteix informaci\u00f3 <\/h4>
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